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The soldier caste has anatomical and behavioural specialisations, and their only real aim is to defend the colony. Many soldiers have large heads with highly modified strong jaws therefore enlarged they cannot feed themselves. Instead, like juveniles, they are fed by employees.5556 Fontanelles, simple holes in the forehead which exude defensive secretions, are a feature of their family Rhinotermitidae.57 Many species are readily identified using the qualities of the soldiers' larger and darker head and massive mandibles.53 Among certain termites, soldiers can use their globular (phragmotic) heads to obstruct their narrow tunnels.58 Different sorts of soldiers include minor and major soldiers, and nasutes, that have a horn-like nozzle frontal projection (a nasus).53 These unique soldiers can spray noxious, sticky secretions containing diterpenes at their enemies.59 Nitrogen fixation plays an important part in nasute nutrition.60.
The reproductive caste of a mature colony includes a prosperous female and male, known as the queen and king.61 The queen of the colony is responsible for egg production for its colony. Unlike in ants, the king mates with her life.62 In certain species, the abdomen of the queen swells up dramatically to increase fecundity, a feature known as physogastrism.61 Depending on the species, the queen starts producing reproductive winged alates at a certain period of the year, and enormous swarms emerge in the colony when nuptial flight begins.
A young termite nymph. Nymphs first moult into workers, but others might farther moult to become soldiers or alates.
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Termites are often compared with the social Hymenoptera (ants and various species of bees and wasps), but their differing evolutionary origins result in major differences in life span. In the eusocial Hymenoptera, the employees are entirely female. Males (drones) are haploid and develop from unfertilised eggs, while females (both workers and the queen) are both diploid and grow from fertilised eggs.
Depending on species, both male and female workers may have different roles in a termite colony.63.
The entire life span of a termite begins with an egg, but is different from that of a bee or ant in that it goes through a developmental process called incomplete metamorphosis, with egg, nymph and adult phases.64 Nymphs resemble little adults, and go through a series of moults as they grow.
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The development of nymphs into adults can take months; the time period depends on food availability, temperature, and the general population of the colony. Since nymphs are unable to feed themselves, workers must feed them, but workers also take part in the social life of the colony and have certain different activities to achieve like foraging, building look these up or maintaining the nest or tending to the queen.5367 Pheromones regulate the caste system in termite colonies, preventing all but a very few of the termites from becoming fertile queens.68.
Termite alates only depart the colony when a nuptial flight takes place. Alate males and females pair up together and then land in search of a suitable spot for a colony.70 A termite king and queen do not mate until they find such a spot. When they perform , they excavate a room large enough for both, shut up the entrance and move to partner.70 After mating, the set never go outdoors and spend the remainder of their lives in the nest.
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For example, alates in certain species emerge during the daytime in summer while some emerge during winter.71 The nuptial flight may also begin at dusk, when the alates swarm around regions with a great deal of lights. The time when nuptial flight begins depends on the environmental conditions, the time of day, moisture, wind speed and precipitation.71 The number of termites in a colony also varies, with the larger species normally having 1001,000 individuals.
The queen only lays 1020 eggs in the very early phases of the colony, but places as many as 1,000 per day when the colony is a few years old.53 At adulthood, a main queen has a great capacity to lay eggs. In some species, the mature queen has a greatly distended abdomen and may create 40,000 eggs a day.72 Both adult ovaries our website may possess some 2,000 ovarioles each.73 The abdomen increases the queen's body length to a number of times greater than before mating and reduces her ability to move freely; attendant employees offer assistance.