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The soldier caste has anatomical and behavioural specialisations, and their sole purpose is to defend the colony. Many soldiers have large heads with highly modified powerful jaws therefore enlarged they cannot feed themselves. Instead, such as juveniles, they're fed by employees.5556 Fontanelles, simple holes in the forehead that exude defensive secretions, are a feature of the family Rhinotermitidae.57 Many species have been easily identified using the qualities of the soldiers' bigger and darker head and massive mandibles.53 Among certain termites, soldiers can use their globular (phragmotic) heads to obstruct their narrow tunnels.58 Different sorts of soldiers include minor and major soldiers, and nasutes, which have a horn-like nozzle frontal projection (a nasus).53 These unique soldiers can spray noxious, sticky secretions containing diterpenes in their enemies.59 Nitrogen fixation plays an important role in nasute nutrition.60.

The reproductive caste of a mature colony includes a fertile female and male, known as the queen and king.61 The queen of the colony is responsible for egg production for its colony. Unlike in ants, the king mates with her for life.62 In some species, the abdomen of this queen swells up dramatically to increase fecundity, a characteristic known as physogastrism.61 Depending on the species, the queen starts producing reproductive winged alates at a certain time of year, and enormous swarms emerge from the colony when nuptial flight begins.

A young termite nymph. Nymphs first moult into workers, but others may farther moult to become soldiers alates.

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Termites are often compared with the social Hymenoptera (ants and various species of bees and wasps), but their differing evolutionary origins result in significant differences in life cycle. In the eusocial Hymenoptera, the workers are exclusively female. Men (drones) are haploid and develop from unfertilised eggs, while females (both workers and the queen) are diploid and develop from fertilised eggs.

Depending on species, both male and female employees may have different functions in a termite colony.63.

The entire life cycle of a termite begins with an egg, but is different from that of a bee or ant in that it goes through a developmental process called incomplete metamorphosis, with egg, nymph and adult http://www.innovativepestcontrol.com.au/ stages.64 Nymphs resemble small adults, and go through a series of moults as they develop.

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The development of nymphs into adults can take months; the time frame depends on food availability, temperature, and the general population of this colony. Since nymphs are unable to feed themselves, employees must feed thembut workers also get involved in the social life of the colony and have certain different activities to achieve such as foraging, building or maintaining the nest or tending to the queen.5367 Pheromones govern the caste system in termite colonies, preventing all but a very few of those termites from becoming fertile queens.68.

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Queens of the eusocial termite Reticulitermes speratus are effective at a long lifespan without sacrificing fecundity. These long-lived queens have a significantly lower level of oxidative damage, including oxidative DNA damage, than employees, soldiers and nymphs.69 The lower degrees of harm appear to be due to increased catalase, an enzyme that protects against oxidative stress.69.

Termite alates only depart the colony when a nuptial flight takes place. Alate males and females pair up together and then land in search of a suitable spot for a colony.70 A termite king and queen do not mate until they find such a spot. When they perform , they excavate a chamber large enough for both, close up the entrance and proceed to partner.70 After mating, the pair never go outside and spend the remainder of their lives in the nest.

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For instance, alates in certain species emerge during the daytime in summer while some emerge during winter.71 The nuptial flight might also begin at dusk, when the alates swarm around areas with lots of lights. The time when nuptial flight begins depends on the environmental conditions, the time of day, moisture, wind speed and precipitation.71 The number of termites in a colony also varies, with the larger species typically having 1001,000 individuals.

The queen only lays 1020 eggs in the very early phases of the colony, but lays as many as 1,000 a day when the colony is a few years old.53 At maturity, a main queen has a great capability to lay eggs. In some species, the adult queen includes a greatly distended abdomen and may create 40,000 eggs a day.72 Both adult ovaries may have some 2,000 ovarioles each.73 The abdomen increases the queen's body length to a number of times greater than prior to mating and reduces her ability to move freely; attendant employees provide assistance.

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